Bir karar an\u0131 geldi\u011finde kendimi daralan bir yolun ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u00d6n\u00fcmde sert bir s\u0131n\u0131r, uzaklarda beliren bir ufuk vard\u0131r. Ak\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; sezgi ufku yoklar. Biri \u00f6l\u00e7er, tartar, \u00e7izgi \u00e7eker. \u00d6teki, hen\u00fcz ad\u0131 konmam\u0131\u015f bir hakikatin i\u00e7imde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 izi takip eder. Tam o e\u015fikte Kant\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle daha sezgisel ve b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n birbirine yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm: biri insan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rla terbiye eder, \u00f6teki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ard\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan geni\u015fli\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kant\u2019a g\u00f6re insan akl\u0131 d\u00fcnyay\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ku\u015fatamaz. Nesneleri bize g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri h\u00e2liyle biliriz; Kant buna fenomen der. Fakat \u015feylerin kendi ba\u015f\u0131na ne oldu\u011fu, yani kendinde \u015fey, do\u011frudan kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden Kant\u2019ta s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 basit bir engel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmem. O s\u0131n\u0131r, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin haddini bildiren, insan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ran bir kaya gibi y\u00fckselir. \u0130nsan o kayaya \u00e7arpar, geri \u00e7ekilir ve akl\u0131n\u0131 orada disipline eder.<\/p>\n
Ayn\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rda ba\u015fka bir anlam da sezilebilir. Bilinmeyen, yaln\u0131zca yolumuzu kesen bir duvar de\u011fildir; ufkun ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. Her \u015feyi g\u00f6remeyiz, fakat g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz \u015feyle ili\u015fki kurabiliriz. Eksik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin sonu de\u011fil, onun derinle\u015fme sebebidir. Hakikate yakla\u015fman\u0131n bazen onu avu\u00e7 i\u00e7ine almakla de\u011fil, \u00e7evresinde sab\u0131rla y\u00fcr\u00fcmekle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Kant s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 korur; daha sezgisel bak\u0131\u015f ise o s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6tesinde beliren \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 duyar.<\/p>\n
Ahlak alan\u0131nda bu ayr\u0131m daha belirgin h\u00e2le gelir. Kant, kategorik imperatif ile konu\u015fur. Bu ilke, insan\u0131n eylemini yaln\u0131z kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fil, herkes i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olabilecek bir yasa gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek se\u00e7mesini ister. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle Kant, ahlak\u0131 e\u011filimlerin de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fine de\u011fil, akl\u0131n koydu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye ba\u011flar. \u0130nsan iyi olan\u0131 ho\u015funa gitti\u011fi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, do\u011fru oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. Burada s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, insan\u0131n arzular\u0131na \u00e7ekilen ahlaki \u00e7izgi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm.<\/p>\n
Fakat ahlak\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bu \u00e7izgide b\u0131rakmak da bana eksik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u015eefkat, adalet duygusu ve erdem yaln\u0131zca ki\u015fisel tercihler de\u011fildir. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dokusuna sinmi\u015f i\u015faretler gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Kant insan akl\u0131n\u0131 merkeze al\u0131r. Daha b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f ise akl\u0131, Mutlak\u2019tan gelen daha geni\u015f bir \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fczlerinden biri sayar. B\u00f6ylece ahlak, yaln\u0131zca kural\u0131n so\u011fuk d\u00fczeni olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar; insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde k\u00f6k salan bir dengeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. S\u0131n\u0131r davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 dizginler, ufuk davran\u0131\u015fa anlam verir.<\/p>\n
Teleoloji meselesinde de ayn\u0131 gerilimin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Teleoloji, varl\u0131kta ve do\u011fada bir ama\u00e7 d\u00fczeni olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgular. Kant do\u011fada ama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131k sezildi\u011fini kabul eder; canl\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, d\u00fczeni ve uyumu insana b\u00f6yle bir izlenim verir. Fakat bu ama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle kavranabilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemez. \u0130nsan, \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradesiyle ahlak yasas\u0131na uyduk\u00e7a bu d\u00fczenle uyum kurar. Kant i\u00e7in ama\u00e7l\u0131l\u0131k, akl\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde duran dikkatli bir s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r; sezilir, fakat b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle sahiplenilemez.<\/p>\n
Bu sezgi daha geni\u015f bir ufka da ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. \u0130rade, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle insana ait kapal\u0131 bir m\u00fclk gibi durmaz; daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir iradenin i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. \u0130nsana d\u00fc\u015fenin, kendisine ayr\u0131lan yeri tan\u0131mak ve o yeri i\u015flemek oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck burada s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z savrulma de\u011fildir. Verilen tohumu b\u00fcy\u00fctme imk\u00e2n\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan kendi pay\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fledik\u00e7e \u00e7izgisini bulur; \u00e7izgisini bulduk\u00e7a ufka do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Estetikte Kant g\u00fczelli\u011fi \u00f6znel, fakat ortakla\u015fabilir bir yarg\u0131 alan\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bir \u015fey g\u00fczel bulunur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ki\u015fisel be\u011feniyi a\u015farak ortak duyuda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k uyand\u0131r\u0131r. Ortak duyu burada herkesin ayn\u0131 \u015feyi be\u011fenmesi anlam\u0131na gelmez; insanlarda g\u00fczelli\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131k ortak bir sezgi alan\u0131 bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. G\u00fczellik, Kant\u2019ta zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir bilgi de\u011fil, payla\u015f\u0131labilir bir hazd\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131r burada be\u011feninin keyfili\u011fini dizginler.<\/p>\n
G\u00fczelli\u011fin yaln\u0131zca alg\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da sezerim. O, evrensel d\u00fczenin y\u00fczeye vurmu\u015f h\u00e2li gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. G\u00fczellik, Mutlak\u2019\u0131n sessiz imzas\u0131d\u0131r. Ona bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda yaln\u0131zca ho\u015flanmam; d\u00fczenin, uyumun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7ime de\u011fdi\u011fini hissederim. G\u00f6z bi\u00e7imi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, ruh o bi\u00e7imde daha derin bir ahengi sezer. Kant g\u00fczelli\u011fin ortakla\u015fabilir s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kurar; daha b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ise g\u00fczellikte ufkun par\u0131lt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bilgi ve mant\u0131k taraf\u0131nda Kant, akl\u0131n kategorilerini sa\u011flam bir zemin olarak kurar. Kategoriler, insan zihninin deneyimi d\u00fczenlerken kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel kal\u0131plard\u0131r: neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi, birlik, \u00e7okluk, zorunluluk gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme bi\u00e7imleri bunlara \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Bilgi, bu kal\u0131plar sayesinde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k duyum olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fur. Akl\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 burada koruyucu bulurum; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi da\u011f\u0131lmaktan kurtar\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yine de bu zeminin tek ba\u015f\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Sezgi, ilham ve sessizlik de bilginin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 aralayan e\u015fiklerdir. \u0130nsan yaln\u0131zca hesap ederek ilerlemez. Bazen susarak, bazen i\u00e7inden gelen ince \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 dinleyerek de ger\u00e7e\u011fe yakla\u015f\u0131r. Ak\u0131l yolu \u00e7izer; fakat yolun \u00fczerindeki g\u00f6lgeyi her zaman ak\u0131l kald\u0131rmaz. S\u0131n\u0131r d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye bi\u00e7im verir, ufuk ona y\u00f6n kazand\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kant ile daha sezgisel ve b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ayn\u0131 manzaraya farkl\u0131 yerlerden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Kant s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; \u00f6teki bak\u0131\u015f, o s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n ard\u0131nda uzanan geni\u015fli\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Kant insan\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r; daha b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sakl\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck uyumu duyurur. Biri akl\u0131n disiplinini kurar, \u00f6teki bu disiplinin evrenle ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n
Ben insan\u0131n bu iki bak\u0131\u015f aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Bir yan\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r vard\u0131r; onu ta\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131ktan korur. \u00d6te yan\u0131nda ufuk vard\u0131r; onu donukluktan kurtar\u0131r. Sorumluluk da bu y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fte de\u011fi\u015fir. Yaln\u0131z insan\u0131n omzunda ta\u015f\u0131nan bir y\u00fck olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde yerini bulan bir paya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ak\u0131l bu pay\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Sezgi onun derinli\u011fini yoklar. \u0130nsan ise ikisinin aras\u0131nda, hem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f hem \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir varl\u0131k olarak kendi yolunu i\u015fler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kant Bir karar an\u0131 geldi\u011finde kendimi daralan bir yolun ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u00d6n\u00fcmde sert bir s\u0131n\u0131r, uzaklarda beliren bir ufuk vard\u0131r. Ak\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6sterir; sezgi ufku yoklar. Biri \u00f6l\u00e7er,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-felsefe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}