Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6zlerini ilk kez d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Hen\u00fcz dili yoktur. Kurallar\u0131, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, toplumun ona verece\u011fi adlar\u0131 ve anlamlar\u0131 bilmez. Avucuna de\u011fen ta\u015f, y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arpan r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc alan \u0131\u015f\u0131k onun i\u00e7in haz\u0131r bilgi de\u011fil, ilk temast\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131klanmaz; hissedilir.<\/p>\n
John Locke\u2019un tabula rasa dedi\u011fi \u201cbo\u015f levha\u201d fikrini, insan zihnini b\u00f6yle bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7la anlatan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re zihin do\u011fu\u015ftan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bilgilerle gelmez. \u0130nsan bilgiyi ya\u015fayarak, g\u00f6rerek, i\u015fiterek, dokunarak edinir. Epistemoloji, yani bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen felsefe alan\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Locke, bilgiyi g\u00f6kten inen haz\u0131r bir hakikat olarak de\u011fil, deneyimle kurulan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcndelik bir \u00f6rnek bunu daha a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6sterir. Bir \u00e7ocuk ate\u015fe ilk kez yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hisseder, elini geri \u00e7eker ve ate\u015fin yak\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenir. Bu sahnede Locke\u2019un deneyim merkezli bilgi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Bilgi burada duyularla ba\u015flar. Ac\u0131, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, temas ve tekrar zihinde bir iz b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fakat ayn\u0131 sahneye biraz daha derinden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ate\u015fi yaln\u0131zca duyular\u0131yla \u00f6\u011frenmedi\u011fini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Bedensel refleksleri, korkuya verdi\u011fi tepki, ailesinden duydu\u011fu uyar\u0131lar ve i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr de bu \u00f6\u011frenmeye kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle deneyim b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bo\u015f bir y\u00fczeye d\u00fc\u015fmez; o y\u00fczeyin bir dokusu vard\u0131r. Genetik miras, insan\u0131n biyolojik ge\u00e7mi\u015finden ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 yatk\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131; k\u00fclt\u00fcrel aktar\u0131m, aileden ve toplumdan gelen anlam kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131; do\u011fu\u015ftan e\u011filimler ise insan\u0131n baz\u0131 \u015feylere daha kolay y\u00f6nelmesini ifade eder.<\/p>\n
Locke\u2019un ampirist \u00e7izgisi bilgiyi duyusal deneyime dayand\u0131r\u0131r. Ampirizm, bilginin temel kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deneyimde arayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kabul ederim; fakat onu tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli g\u00f6rmem. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc insan yaln\u0131zca temas eden, g\u00f6ren ve i\u015fiten bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ba\u011f kurar, sezer, yorumlar ve hayal eder.<\/p>\n
Bir ku\u015fun kanat sesini duymak deneyimdir. O seste g\u00f6\u011fe a\u00e7\u0131lan bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck duygusu yakalamak sezgidir. Sezgi, do\u011frudan kan\u0131tlanmadan kavranan i\u00e7sel fark edi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctme, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler aras\u0131nda ba\u011f kurarak sonuca ula\u015fma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc ise mevcut olan\u0131 a\u015farak yeni anlam ihtimalleri kurar. Bu y\u00fczden bilgiyi yaln\u0131zca zihne eklenen par\u00e7alar toplam\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, insan\u0131n d\u00fcnya ile kurdu\u011fu canl\u0131 ili\u015fkinin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011flam burada belirleyici h\u00e2le gelir. Ba\u011flam, bir olay\u0131n veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fki alan\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 ate\u015f, bir \u00e7ocuk i\u00e7in tehlike, bir anne i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken ocak, bir filozof i\u00e7in d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn simgesi olabilir. Deneyim ayn\u0131d\u0131r; anlam, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fir. Burada g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm temel nokta \u015fudur: Bilgi deneyimle ba\u015flar; fakat deneyimi kar\u015f\u0131layan yap\u0131, anlam\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n
Locke\u2019un do\u011fal haklar anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da insan\u0131 merkeze alan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir zemin bulurum. Do\u011fal haklar, insan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca insan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sahip kabul edildi\u011fi temel haklard\u0131r: ya\u015fam, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve m\u00fclkiyet. Locke\u2019a g\u00f6re devletin temel g\u00f6revi bu haklar\u0131 korumakt\u0131r. Birey, iktidar\u0131n keyfine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir varl\u0131k de\u011fildir; dokunulmaz bir hak alan\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Bu haklar\u0131 daha geni\u015f bir varolu\u015f d\u00fczeni i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde, insan\u0131 yaln\u0131zca hak sahibi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131yan bir varl\u0131k olarak da g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f bir serbestlik de\u011fildir; insan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirirken di\u011fer varl\u0131klar\u0131n alan\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zetme bilincidir. \u0130nsan kendi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurarken do\u011fayla, toplumla ve evrensel d\u00fczenle ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n
Locke\u2019un toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi teorisi, insanlar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in ortak bir siyasal d\u00fczen kurdu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bireylerin g\u00fcvenlik ve d\u00fczen i\u00e7in baz\u0131 yetkileri ortak bir otoriteye devretmesi fikridir. Bu fikri yaln\u0131zca insanlar aras\u0131 bir hukuk anla\u015fmas\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmem. \u0130nsan, do\u011fayla, ge\u00e7mi\u015fle, gelecek ku\u015faklarla ve varolu\u015fun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle de sessiz bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7indedir.<\/p>\n
Burada kozmik uyum kavram\u0131 devreye girer. Kozmik uyum, evrendeki par\u00e7alar\u0131n birbirini yok etmeden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015fleyi\u015fe kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan\u0131 bu i\u015fleyi\u015fin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duran ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir merkez olarak g\u00f6rmem. \u0130nsan; bilen, se\u00e7en ve eyleyen bir varl\u0131k olarak b\u00fct\u00fcne etki eder. Bu nedenle hak, sorumluluktan kopar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eksik kal\u0131r; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck de y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kaybedebilir.<\/p>\n
Locke\u2019un modern d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye insan zihnini ve haklar\u0131n\u0131 berrak bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sundu\u011funu kabul ederim. Bu berrakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha geni\u015f bir ufka ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131mda, insan\u0131n deneyimle \u015fekillendi\u011fini; fakat deneyimi kar\u015f\u0131layan bedensel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sezgisel dokular\u0131n da bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Bilgi g\u00f6zlemle ba\u015flar, fakat ba\u011flamla derinle\u015fir. Hak bireyi korur, fakat birey de varolu\u015fun b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde sorumluluk ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B\u00f6ylece Locke\u2019un bo\u015f levhas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle bo\u015f bir y\u00fczey olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmem. Onu, \u00fczerine yaz\u0131 yaz\u0131lmay\u0131 bekleyen; fakat damarlar\u0131 \u00e7oktan olu\u015fmu\u015f bir y\u00fczey gibi kavrar\u0131m. \u0130nsan o y\u00fczeye yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n izlerini almaz; kendi varolu\u015funun dokusuyla o izlere bi\u00e7im de verir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00f6zlerini ilk kez d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Hen\u00fcz dili yoktur. Kurallar\u0131, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, toplumun ona verece\u011fi adlar\u0131 ve anlamlar\u0131 bilmez. Avucuna de\u011fen ta\u015f, y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7arpan r\u00fczg\u00e2r, g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc alan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-felsefe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=24"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=24"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=24"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}