Jean-Paul Sartre\u2019\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde, modern felsefenin insan varolu\u015funa dair en sars\u0131c\u0131 yorumlar\u0131ndan biriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Onun \u201cvarolu\u015f \u00f6zden \u00f6nce gelir\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc, insan\u0131n haz\u0131r bir anlamla d\u00fcnyaya gelmedi\u011fini anlat\u0131r. \u0130nsan \u00f6nce vard\u0131r; sonra se\u00e7imleriyle, eylemleriyle ve \u00fcstlendi\u011fi sorumluluklarla kendisini kurar. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yoklu\u011fu, insan\u0131 g\u00fcvenli bir anlam d\u00fczeninden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131r. Art\u0131k insan\u0131n yaslanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nceden verilmi\u015f bir \u00f6z yoktur. Kendi yolunu se\u00e7mek zorundad\u0131r ve bu zorunluluk kayg\u0131y\u0131 beraberinde getirir.<\/p>\n
Sartre\u2019\u0131n felsefesinde bireyin merkez\u00ee bir konumda durdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u0130nsan, kararlar\u0131yla ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc belirler; her se\u00e7im, onun varolu\u015funu yeniden \u015fekillendirir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck burada rahatlat\u0131c\u0131 bir imk\u00e2n gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez. Daha \u00e7ok, insan\u0131n omuzlar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f a\u011f\u0131r bir sorumluluk gibidir. Bunu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir nehirde ak\u0131nt\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcrek \u00e7ekmeye benzetirim: Her hamle yorar, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izgisini de\u011fi\u015ftirir. \u0130nsan yaln\u0131zca kendini de\u011fil, temas etti\u011fi d\u00fcnyay\u0131 da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc karanl\u0131k bir gecede tek ba\u015f\u0131na yanan bir fener gibi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirim. Fener \u00f6nce sahibinin yolunu ayd\u0131nlat\u0131r; fakat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaln\u0131zca ona ait kalmaz. Yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7enler de o \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda y\u00f6nlerini se\u00e7er. B\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde insan\u0131n anlam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131, sessiz bir evrende kaybolan tekil bir \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla temas eden, onlar\u0131 etkileyen ve onlardan etkilenen ortak bir varolu\u015f alan\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Sartre bireyin yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgular; fakat bu yaln\u0131zl\u0131k, insan\u0131n ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla kurdu\u011fu ba\u011f\u0131 da daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kendi hayat\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcm. Her se\u00e7im, toplumsal alan\u0131n dokusuna k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir iz b\u0131rak\u0131r. \u0130nsan neyi se\u00e7ti\u011finde, nas\u0131l davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve hangi sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fcstlendi\u011finde yaln\u0131zca kendisini tan\u0131mlamaz; \u00e7evresindeki de\u011ferleri, ili\u015fkileri ve normlar\u0131 da etkiler. Bu y\u00fczden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ki\u015fisel bir karar alan\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar toplumsal bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k da ta\u015f\u0131r. Bireyin eylemi, yaln\u0131zca i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kapanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 de\u011fildir; ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131na de\u011fdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha geni\u015f bir anlam kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sartre\u2019\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin, insan\u0131n anlam aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bireysel bir mesele olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p ili\u015fkiler alan\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. \u0130nsan, kendi se\u00e7imleriyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kurarken ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sessizli\u011fine de bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verir. Bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bazen kayg\u0131, bazen diren\u00e7, bazen de sorumluluk bi\u00e7iminde belirir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bu nedenle yaln\u0131zca \u201cse\u00e7ebilme\u201d g\u00fcc\u00fc de\u011fildir; se\u00e7imin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabilme cesaretidir.<\/p>\n
Sartre\u2019\u0131n varolu\u015f\u00e7ulu\u011funu, insan\u0131 haz\u0131r anlamlar\u0131n korunakl\u0131 alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karan ve kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fuyla ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rakan bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olarak okurum. Birey, se\u00e7imleriyle kendisini kurar; fakat bu kurulu\u015f hi\u00e7bir zaman b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yaln\u0131z ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Her karar, insan\u0131n hem kendi ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 hem de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu d\u00fcnyay\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme ihtimalini ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bu y\u00fczden insan\u0131n en derin y\u00fck\u00fc oldu\u011fu kadar, anlam \u00fcretme imk\u00e2n\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Jean-Paul Sartre ve Varolu\u015f\u00e7u Felsefe: Bireyden Ortak Anlam Alan\u0131na Jean-Paul Sartre\u2019\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde, modern felsefenin insan varolu\u015funa dair en sars\u0131c\u0131 yorumlar\u0131ndan biriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcm. Onun \u201cvarolu\u015f \u00f6zden \u00f6nce gelir\u201d…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-felsefe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/agfocert.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}